CIP-0014

CIP	Title	Status	Category	Authors	Implementors	Discussions	Created	License
14	User-Facing Asset Fingerprint	Active	Tokens	Matthias Benkort <[email protected]> Rodney Lorrimar <[email protected]>	N/A	cardano-foundation/CIPs#64	2020-02-01	CC-BY-4.0

Abstract

This specification defines a user-facing asset fingerprint as a bech32-encoded blake2b-160 digest of the concatenation of the policy id and the asset name.

Motivation: why is this CIP necessary?

The Mary era of Cardano introduces the support for native assets. On the blockchain, native assets are uniquely identified by both their so-called policy id and asset name. Neither the policy id nor the asset name are intended to be human-readable data.

On the one hand, the policy id is a hash digest of either a monetary script or a Plutus script. On the other hand, the asset name is an arbitrary bytestring of up to 32 bytes (which does not necessarily decode to a valid UTF-8 sequence). In addition, it is possible for an asset to have an empty asset name, or, for assets to have identical asset names under different policies.

Because assets are manipulated in several user-facing features on desktop and via hardware applications, it is useful to come up with a short(er) and human-readable identifier for assets that user can recognize and refer to when talking about assets. We call such an identifier an asset fingerprint.

Specification

We define the asset fingerprint in pseudo-code as:

assetFingerprint := encodeBech32
  ( datapart = hash
    ( algorithm = 'blake2b'
    , digest-length = 20
    , message = policyId | assetName
    )
  , humanReadablePart = 'asset'
  )

where | designates the concatenation of two byte strings. The digest-length is given in bytes (so, 160 bits).

Reference Implementation

Javascript

cip14-js

Haskell (GHC >= 8.6.5)

Language Extensions

{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
{-# LANGUAGE QuasiQuotes #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-}

Imports

-- package: base >= 4.0.0
import Prelude
import Data.Function
    ( (&) )

-- package: bech32 >= 1.0.2
import qualified Codec.Binary.Bech32 as Bech32

-- package: bech32-th >= 1.0.2
import Codec.Binary.Bech32.TH
    ( humanReadablePart )

-- package: bytestring >= 0.10.0.0
import Data.ByteString
    ( ByteString )

-- package: cryptonite >= 0.22
import Crypto.Hash
    ( hash )
import Crypto.Hash.Algorithms
    ( Blake2b_160 )

-- package: memory >= 0.14
import Data.ByteArray
    ( convert )

-- package: text >= 1.0.0.0
import Data.Text
    ( Text )

newtype PolicyId = PolicyId ByteString
newtype AssetName = AssetName ByteString
newtype AssetFingerprint = AssetFingerprint Text

mkAssetFingerprint :: PolicyId -> AssetName -> AssetFingerprint
mkAssetFingerprint (PolicyId policyId) (AssetName assetName)
    = (policyId <> assetName)
    & convert . hash @_ @Blake2b_160
    & Bech32.encodeLenient hrp . Bech32.dataPartFromBytes
    & AssetFingerprint
  where
    hrp = [humanReadablePart|asset|]

Test Vectors

ℹ️ policy_id and asset_name are hereby base16-encoded; their raw, decoded, versions should be used when computing the fingerprint.

- policy_id: 7eae28af2208be856f7a119668ae52a49b73725e326dc16579dcc373
  asset_name: ""
  asset_fingerprint: asset1rjklcrnsdzqp65wjgrg55sy9723kw09mlgvlc3

- policy_id: 7eae28af2208be856f7a119668ae52a49b73725e326dc16579dcc37e
  asset_name: ""
  asset_fingerprint: asset1nl0puwxmhas8fawxp8nx4e2q3wekg969n2auw3

- policy_id: 1e349c9bdea19fd6c147626a5260bc44b71635f398b67c59881df209
  asset_name: ""
  asset_fingerprint: asset1uyuxku60yqe57nusqzjx38aan3f2wq6s93f6ea

- policy_id: 7eae28af2208be856f7a119668ae52a49b73725e326dc16579dcc373
  asset_name: 504154415445
  asset_fingerprint: asset13n25uv0yaf5kus35fm2k86cqy60z58d9xmde92

- policy_id: 1e349c9bdea19fd6c147626a5260bc44b71635f398b67c59881df209
  asset_name: 504154415445
  asset_fingerprint: asset1hv4p5tv2a837mzqrst04d0dcptdjmluqvdx9k3

- policy_id: 1e349c9bdea19fd6c147626a5260bc44b71635f398b67c59881df209
  asset_name: 7eae28af2208be856f7a119668ae52a49b73725e326dc16579dcc373
  asset_fingerprint: asset1aqrdypg669jgazruv5ah07nuyqe0wxjhe2el6f

- policy_id: 7eae28af2208be856f7a119668ae52a49b73725e326dc16579dcc373
  asset_name: 1e349c9bdea19fd6c147626a5260bc44b71635f398b67c59881df209
  asset_fingerprint: asset17jd78wukhtrnmjh3fngzasxm8rck0l2r4hhyyt

- policy_id: 7eae28af2208be856f7a119668ae52a49b73725e326dc16579dcc373
  asset_name: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  asset_fingerprint: asset1pkpwyknlvul7az0xx8czhl60pyel45rpje4z8w

Rationale: how does this CIP achieve its goals?

Design choices

• The asset fingerprint needs to be somewhat unique (although collisions are plausible, see next section) and refer to a particular asset. It must therefore include both the policy id and the asset name.

• Using a hash gives us asset id of a same deterministic length which is short enough to display reasonably well on small screens.

• We use bech32 as a user-facing encoding since it is both user-friendly and quite common within the Cardano eco-system (e.g. addresses, pool ids, keys).

Security Considerations

• With a 160-bit digest, an attacker needs at least 2^80 operations to find a collision. Although 2^80 operations is relatively low (it remains expansive but doable for an attacker), it is considered safe within the context of an asset fingerprint as a mean of user verification within a particular wallet. An attacker may obtain advantage if users can be persuaded that a certain asset is in reality another (which implies to find a collision, and make both assets at the reach of the user).

• We recommend however that in addition to the asset fingerprint, applications also show whenever possible a visual checksum calculated from the policy id and the asset name as specified in CIP-YET-TO-COME. Such generated images, which are designed to be unique and easy to distinguish, in combination with a readable asset fingerprint gives strong verification means to end users.

Path to Active

Acceptance Criteria

• Asset fingerprints as described have been universally adopted in: wallets, blockchain explorers, query layers, token minting utilities, NFT specifications, and CLI tools.

Implementation Plan

• Reference implementations available in both Javascript and Haskell.
• Public presentation with confirmed interest in adopting this standard in advance of Mary ledger era.

Copyright

This CIP is licensed under CC-BY-4.0.