README.md

Awesome-ML-Security

A curated list of awesome machine learning security references, guidance, tools, and more.

Table of Contents

• Awesome-ML-Security
  • Relevant work, standards, literature
    • CIA of the model
      • Confidentiality
      • Integrity
      • Availability
    • Degraded model performance
    • ML-Ops
    • AI’s effect on attacks/security elsewhere
      • Self-driving cars
      • LLM Alignment
  • Regulatory actions
    • US
    • EU
  • Safety standards
  • Taxonomies and frameworks
  • Security tools and techniques
    • API probing
    • Model backdoors
  • DeepFakes, disinformation, and abuse
  • Background information
  • Notable incidents
  • Notable harms

Relevant work, standards, literature

CIA of the model

Membership attacks, model inversion attacks, model extraction, adversarial perturbation, prompt injections, etc.

• Towards the Science of Security and Privacy in Machine Learning
• SoK: Machine Learning Governance
• Not with a Bug, But with a Sticker: Attacks on Machine Learning Systems and What To Do About Them
• On the Impossible Safety of Large AI Models

Confidentiality

Reconstruction (model inversion; attribute inference; gradient and information leakage), theft of data, Membership inference and reidentification of data, Model extraction (model theft), property inference (leakage of dataset properties), etc.

• awesome-ml-privacy-attacks
• Privacy Side Channels in Machine Learning Systems
• Beyond Labeling Oracles: What does it mean to steal ML models?
• Text Embeddings Reveal (Almost) As Much As Text
• Language Model Inversion
• Extracting Training Data from ChatGPT
• Recovering the Pre-Fine-Tuning Weights of Generative Models

Integrity

Backdoors/neural trojans (same as for non-ML systems), adversarial evasion (perturbation of an input to evade a certain classification or output), data poisoning and ordering (providing malicious data or changing the order of the data flow into an ML model).

• A Systematic Survey of Backdoor Attack, Weight Attack and Adversarial Examples
• Poisoning Web-Scale Training Datasets is Practical
• Planting Undetectable Backdoors in Machine Learning Models
• Motivating the Rules of the Game for Adversarial Example Research
• On Evaluating Adversarial Robustness
• Tree of Attacks: Jailbreaking Black-Box LLMs Automatically
• Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Models
• Manipulating SGD with Data Ordering Attacks
• Adversarial reprogramming - repurposing a model for a different task than its original intended purpose
• Model spinning attacks (meta backdoors) - forcing a model to produce output that adheres to a meta task (for ex. making a general LLM produce propaganda)
• LLM Censorship: A Machine Learning Challenge or a Computer Security Problem?
• Securing LLM Systems Against Prompt Injection & Mitigating Stored Prompt Injection Attacks Against LLM Applications
  • Best Practices for Securing LLM-Enabled Applications
  • NVIDIA NeMo Guardrails: Security Guidelines

Availability

• Energy-latency attacks - denial of service for neural networks

Degraded model performance

• Trail of Bits's Audit of YOLOv7
• Robustness Testing of Autonomy Software
• Can robot navigation bugs be found in simulation? An exploratory study
• Bugs can optimize for bad behavior (OpenAI GPT-2)
• You Only Look Once Run time errors

ML-Ops

• Incubated ML Exploits: Backdooring ML Pipelines using Input-Handling Bugs
• Auditing the Ask Astro LLM Q&A app
• Exploiting ML models with pickle file attacks: Part 1 & Exploiting ML models with pickle file attacks: Part 2
• PCC: Bold step forward, not without flaws
• Trail of Bits's Audit of the Safetensors Library
• Facebook’s LLAMA being openly distributed via torrents
• Summoning Demons: The Pursuit of Exploitable Bugs in Machine Learning
• DeepPayload: Black-box Backdoor Attack on Deep Learning Models through Neural Payload Injection
• Weaponizing Machine Learning Models with Ransomware (and Machine Learning Threat Roundup)
• Bug Characterization in Machine Learning-based Systems
• LeftoverLocals: Listening to LLM responses through leaked GPU local memory
• Offensive ML Playbook

AI’s effect on attacks/security elsewhere

• How AI will affect cybersecurity: What we told the CFTC
• Lost at C: A User Study on the Security Implications of Large Language Model Code Assistants
• Examining Zero-Shot Vulnerability Repair with Large Language Models
• Do Users Write More Insecure Code with AI Assistants?
• Learned Systems Security
• Beyond the Hype: A Real-World Evaluation of the Impact and Cost of Machine Learning-Based Malware Detection
• Data-Driven Offense from Infiltrate 2015
• Codex (and GPT-4) can’t beat humans on smart contract audits

Self-driving cars

• Driving to Safety: How Many Miles of Driving Would It Take to Demonstrate Autonomous Vehicle Reliability?

LLM Alignment

• When Your AIs Deceive You: Challenges with Partial Observability of Human Evaluators in Reward Learning

Regulatory actions

US

• FTC: Keep your AI claims in check
• FAA - Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles
• NHTSA - Automated Vehicle safety
• AI Bill of Rights
• Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence

EU

• The Artificial Intelligence Act (proposed)

Other

• TIME Ideas: How AI Can Be Regulated Like Nuclear Energy
• Trail of Bits’s Response to OSTP National Priorities for AI RFI
• Trail of Bits’s Response to NTIA AI Accountability RFC

Safety standards

• Toward Comprehensive Risk Assessments and Assurance of AI-Based Systems
• ISO/IEC 42001 — Artificial intelligence — Management system
• ISO/IEC 22989 — Artificial intelligence — Concepts and terminology
• ISO/IEC 38507 — Governance of IT — Governance implications of the use of artificial intelligence by organizations
• ISO/IEC 23894 — Artificial Intelligence — Guidance on Risk Management
• ANSI/UL 4600 Standard for Safety for the Evaluation of Autonomous Products — addresses fully autonomous systems that move such as self-driving cars, and other vehicles including lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Includes safety case construction, risk analysis, design process, verification and validation, tool qualification, data integrity, human-machine interaction, metrics and conformance assessment.
• High-Level Expert Group on AI in European Commission — Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence

Taxonomies and frameworks

• NIST AI 100-2e2023
• MITRE ATLAS
• AI Incident Database
• OWASP Top 10 for LLMs
• Guidelines for secure AI system development

Security tools and techniques

API probing

• PrivacyRaven: runs different privacy attacks against ML models; the tool only runs black-box label-only attacks
• Counterfit: runs different adversarial ML attacks against ML models

Model backdoors

• Fickling: a decompiler, static analyzer, and bytecode rewriter for Python pickle files; injects backdoors into ML model files
• Semgrep rules for ML
• API Rate Limiting

Other

• Awesome Large Language Model Tools for Cybersecurity Research
• Watermarks in the Sand: Impossibility of Strong Watermarking for Generative Models

Background information

• Building A Generative AI Platform (Chip Huyen)
• Machine Learning Glossary | Google Developers
• Hugging Face NLP course
• Making Large Language Models work for you
• Andrej Karpathy's Intro to Large Language Models and Neural Networks: Zero to Hero
• Normcore LLM Reading List especially Building LLM applications for production
• 3blue1brown's Guide to Neural Networks
• Licensing:
  • From RAIL to Open RAIL: Topologies of RAIL Licenses
  • Hugging Face - OpenRAIL
  • Hugging Face - AI Release Models
  • Open LLMs
  • Prompt Engineering Guide

DeepFakes, disinformation, and abuse

• How to Prepare for the Deluge of Generative AI on Social Media
• Generative ML and CSAM: Implications and Mitigations

Notable incidents

Incident	Type	Loss
Tay	Poor training set selection	Reputational
Apple NeuralHash	Adversarial evasion (led to hash collisions)	Reputational
PyTorch Compromise	Dependency confusion
Proofpoint - CVE-2019-20634	Model extraction
ClearviewAI Leak	Source Code misconfiguration
Kubeflow Crypto-mining attack	System misconfiguration
OpenAI - takeover someone's account, view their chat history, and access their billing information	Web Cache Deception	Reputational
OpenAI- first message of a newly-created conversation was visible in someone else’s chat history	Cache - Redis Async I/O	Reputational
OpenAI- ChatGPT's new Browser SDK was using some relatively recently known-vulnerable code (specifically MinIO CVE-2023-28432)	Security vulnerability resulting in information disclosure of all environment variables, including MINIO_SECRET_KEY and MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD.	Reputational
ML Flow	MLFlow - combined Local File Inclusion/Remote File Inclusion vulnerability which can lead to a complete system or cloud provider takeover.	Monetary and Reputational
HuggingFace Spaces - Rubika	System misuse
Microsoft AI Data Leak	SAS token misconfiguration
HuggingFace Hub- Takeover of the Meta and Intel organizations	Password Reuse
HuggingFace API token exposure	API token exposure
ShadowRay - Active Cryptominer campaign against Ray clusters	Improper authentication	Monetary and Reputational
Nullbudge attacks on ML supply chain	Supply chain compromise	Monetary and Reputational

Notable harms

Incident	Type	Loss
Google Photos Gorillas	Algorithmic bias	Reputational
Uber hits a pedestrian	Model failure
Facebook mistranslation leads to arrest	Algorithmic bias