Translation: R-gapminder Extras "Reference" (reference.md)

[joelnitta]

Original webpage: http://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/reference.html

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i18n/po/r-novice-gapminder.ja.po

Lines 21166 to 22181 in 1decdaf

	# Front Matter
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:1
	msgid ""
	"---\n"
	"layout: reference\n"
	"root: .\n"
	"---"
	msgstr ""
	"---\n"
	"layout: reference\n"
	"root: .\n"
	"---"
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:6
	msgid "## Reference"
	msgstr "## Reference"
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:8
	msgid "## [Introduction to R and RStudio]({{ page.root }}/01-rstudio-intro/)"
	msgstr "## [Introduction to R and RStudio]({{ page.root }}/01-rstudio-intro/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:10
	msgid " - Use the escape key to cancel incomplete commands or running code"
	msgstr " - Use the escape key to cancel incomplete commands or running code"
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:11
	msgid ""
	" (Ctrl+C) if you're using R from the shell.\n"
	" - Basic arithmetic operations follow standard order of precedence:\n"
	" - Brackets: `(`, `)`\n"
	" - Exponents: `^` or `**`\n"
	" - Divide: `/`\n"
	" - Multiply: `*`\n"
	" - Add: `+`\n"
	" - Subtract: `-`\n"
	" - Scientific notation is available, e.g: `2e-3`\n"
	" - Anything to the right of a `#` is a comment, R will ignore this!\n"
	" - Functions are denoted by `function_name()`. Expressions inside the\n"
	" brackets are evaluated before being passed to the function, and\n"
	" functions can be nested.\n"
	" - Mathematical functions: `exp`, `sin`, `log`, `log10`, `log2` etc.\n"
	" - Comparison operators: `<`, `<=`, `>`, `>=`, `==`, `!=`\n"
	" - Use `all.equal` to compare numbers!\n"
	" - `<-` is the assignment operator. Anything to the right is evaluate, then\n"
	" stored in a variable named to the left.\n"
	" - `ls` lists all variables and functions you've created\n"
	" - `rm` can be used to remove them\n"
	" - When assigning values to function arguments, you _must_ use `=`."
	msgstr ""
	" (Ctrl+C) if you're using R from the shell.\n"
	" - Basic arithmetic operations follow standard order of precedence:\n"
	" - Brackets: `(`, `)`\n"
	" - Exponents: `^` or `**`\n"
	" - Divide: `/`\n"
	" - Multiply: `*`\n"
	" - Add: `+`\n"
	" - Subtract: `-`\n"
	" - Scientific notation is available, e.g: `2e-3`\n"
	" - Anything to the right of a `#` is a comment, R will ignore this!\n"
	" - Functions are denoted by `function_name()`. Expressions inside the\n"
	" brackets are evaluated before being passed to the function, and\n"
	" functions can be nested.\n"
	" - Mathematical functions: `exp`, `sin`, `log`, `log10`, `log2` etc.\n"
	" - Comparison operators: `<`, `<=`, `>`, `>=`, `==`, `!=`\n"
	" - Use `all.equal` to compare numbers!\n"
	" - `<-` is the assignment operator. Anything to the right is evaluate, then\n"
	" stored in a variable named to the left.\n"
	" - `ls` lists all variables and functions you've created\n"
	" - `rm` can be used to remove them\n"
	" - When assigning values to function arguments, you _must_ use `=`."
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:33
	msgid "## [Project management with RStudio]({{ page.root }}/02-project-intro/)"
	msgstr "## [Project management with RStudio]({{ page.root }}/02-project-intro/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:35
	msgid " - To create a new project, go to File -> New Project"
	msgstr " - To create a new project, go to File -> New Project"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:36
	msgid " - Install the `packrat` package to create self-contained projects"
	msgstr " - Install the `packrat` package to create self-contained projects"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:37
	msgid " - `install.packages` to install packages from CRAN"
	msgstr " - `install.packages` to install packages from CRAN"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:38
	msgid " - `library` to load a package into R"
	msgstr " - `library` to load a package into R"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:39
	msgid " - `packrat::status` to check whether all packages referenced in your"
	msgstr " - `packrat::status` to check whether all packages referenced in your"
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:40
	msgid " scripts have been installed."
	msgstr " scripts have been installed."
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:42
	msgid "## [Seeking help]({{ page.root }}/03-seeking-help/)"
	msgstr "## [Seeking help]({{ page.root }}/03-seeking-help/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:44
	msgid "- To access help for a function type `?function_name` or `help(function_name)`"
	msgstr "- To access help for a function type `?function_name` or `help(function_name)`"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:45
	msgid "- Use quotes for special operators e.g. `?\"+\"`"
	msgstr "- Use quotes for special operators e.g. `?\"+\"`"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:46
	msgid "- Use fuzzy search if you can't remember a name '??search_term'"
	msgstr "- Use fuzzy search if you can't remember a name '??search_term'"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:47
	msgid "- [CRAN task views](http://cran.at.r-project.org/web/views) are a good starting point."
	msgstr "- [CRAN task views](http://cran.at.r-project.org/web/views) are a good starting point."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:48
	msgid "- [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/) is a good place to get help with your code."
	msgstr "- [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/) is a good place to get help with your code."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:49
	msgid " - `?dput` will dump data you are working from so others can load it easily."
	msgstr " - `?dput` will dump data you are working from so others can load it easily."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:50
	msgid " - `sessionInfo()` will give details of your setup that others may need for debugging."
	msgstr " - `sessionInfo()` will give details of your setup that others may need for debugging."
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:52
	msgid "## [Data structures]({{ page.root }}/04-data-structures-part1/)"
	msgstr "## [Data structures]({{ page.root }}/04-data-structures-part1/)"
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:54
	msgid "Individual values in R must be one of 5 **data types**, multiple values can be grouped in **data structures**."
	msgstr "Individual values in R must be one of 5 **data types**, multiple values can be grouped in **data structures**."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:56
	msgid " **Data types**"
	msgstr " **Data types**"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:58
	msgid " - `typeof(object)` gives information about an items data type."
	msgstr " - `typeof(object)` gives information about an items data type."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:59
	msgid " - There are 5 main data types:"
	msgstr " - There are 5 main data types:"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:60
	msgid " - `?numeric` real (decimal) numbers"
	msgstr " - `?numeric` real (decimal) numbers"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:61
	msgid " - `?integer` whole numbers only"
	msgstr " - `?integer` whole numbers only"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:62
	msgid " - `?character` text"
	msgstr " - `?character` text"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:63
	msgid " - `?complex` complex numbers"
	msgstr " - `?complex` complex numbers"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:64
	msgid " - `?logical` TRUE or FALSE values"
	msgstr " - `?logical` TRUE or FALSE values"
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:66
	msgid " **Special types:**"
	msgstr " **Special types:**"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:68
	msgid " - `?NA` missing values"
	msgstr " - `?NA` missing values"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:69
	msgid " - `?NaN` \"not a number\" for undefined values (e.g. `0/0`)."
	msgstr " - `?NaN` \"not a number\" for undefined values (e.g. `0/0`)."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:70
	msgid " - `?Inf`, `-Inf` infinity."
	msgstr " - `?Inf`, `-Inf` infinity."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:71
	msgid " - `?NULL` a data structure that doesn't exist"
	msgstr " - `?NULL` a data structure that doesn't exist"
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:73
	msgid ""
	" `NA` can occur in any atomic vector. `NaN`, and `Inf` can only\n"
	" occur in complex, integer or numeric type vectors. Atomic vectors\n"
	" are the building blocks for all other data structures. A `NULL` value\n"
	" will occur in place of an entire data structure (but can occur as list\n"
	" elements)."
	msgstr ""
	" `NA` can occur in any atomic vector. `NaN`, and `Inf` can only\n"
	" occur in complex, integer or numeric type vectors. Atomic vectors\n"
	" are the building blocks for all other data structures. A `NULL` value\n"
	" will occur in place of an entire data structure (but can occur as list\n"
	" elements)."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:80
	msgid ""
	" **Basic data structures in R:**\n"
	" - atomic `?vector` (can only contain one type)\n"
	" - `?list` (containers for other objects)\n"
	" - `?data.frame` two dimensional objects whose columns can contain different types of data\n"
	" - `?matrix` two dimensional objects that can contain only one type of data.\n"
	" - `?factor` vectors that contain predefined categorical data.\n"
	" - `?array` multi-dimensional objects that can only contain one type of data"
	msgstr ""
	" **Basic data structures in R:**\n"
	" - atomic `?vector` (can only contain one type)\n"
	" - `?list` (containers for other objects)\n"
	" - `?data.frame` two dimensional objects whose columns can contain different types of data\n"
	" - `?matrix` two dimensional objects that can contain only one type of data.\n"
	" - `?factor` vectors that contain predefined categorical data.\n"
	" - `?array` multi-dimensional objects that can only contain one type of data"
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:88
	msgid ""
	" Remember that matrices are really atomic vectors underneath the hood, and that\n"
	"data.frames are really lists underneath the hood (this explains some of the weirder\n"
	"behaviour of R)."
	msgstr ""
	" Remember that matrices are really atomic vectors underneath the hood, and that\n"
	"data.frames are really lists underneath the hood (this explains some of the weirder\n"
	"behaviour of R)."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:92
	msgid ""
	" **[Vectors]({{ page.root }}/04-data-structures-part1/)**\n"
	" - `?vector()` All items in a vector must be the same type.\n"
	" - Items can be converted from one type to another using *coercion*.\n"
	" - The concatenate function 'c()' will append items to a vector.\n"
	" - `seq(from=0, to=1, by=1)` will create a sequence of numbers.\n"
	" - Items in a vector can be named using the `names()` function."
	msgstr ""
	" **[Vectors]({{ page.root }}/04-data-structures-part1/)**\n"
	" - `?vector()` All items in a vector must be the same type.\n"
	" - Items can be converted from one type to another using *coercion*.\n"
	" - The concatenate function 'c()' will append items to a vector.\n"
	" - `seq(from=0, to=1, by=1)` will create a sequence of numbers.\n"
	" - Items in a vector can be named using the `names()` function."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:99
	msgid ""
	" **[Factors]({{ page.root }}/04-data-structures-part1/)**\n"
	" - `?factor()` Factors are a data structure designed to store categorical data.\n"
	" - `levels()` shows the valid values that can be stored in a vector of type factor."
	msgstr ""
	" **[Factors]({{ page.root }}/04-data-structures-part1/)**\n"
	" - `?factor()` Factors are a data structure designed to store categorical data.\n"
	" - `levels()` shows the valid values that can be stored in a vector of type factor."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:103
	msgid ""
	" **[Lists]({{ page.root }}/04-data-structures-part1/)**\n"
	" - `?list()` Lists are a data structure designed to store data of different types."
	msgstr ""
	" **[Lists]({{ page.root }}/04-data-structures-part1/)**\n"
	" - `?list()` Lists are a data structure designed to store data of different types."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:106
	msgid ""
	" **[Matrices]({{ page.root }}/04-data-structures-part1/)**\n"
	" - `?matrix()` Matrices are a data structure designed to store 2-dimensional data."
	msgstr ""
	" **[Matrices]({{ page.root }}/04-data-structures-part1/)**\n"
	" - `?matrix()` Matrices are a data structure designed to store 2-dimensional data."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:109
	msgid ""
	" **[Data Frames]({{ page.root }}/05-data-structures-part2/)**\n"
	" - `?data.frame` is a key data structure. It is a `list` of `vectors`.\n"
	" - `cbind()` will add a column (vector) to a data.frame.\n"
	" - `rbind()` will add a row (list) to a data.frame."
	msgstr ""
	" **[Data Frames]({{ page.root }}/05-data-structures-part2/)**\n"
	" - `?data.frame` is a key data structure. It is a `list` of `vectors`.\n"
	" - `cbind()` will add a column (vector) to a data.frame.\n"
	" - `rbind()` will add a row (list) to a data.frame."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:114
	msgid ""
	" **Useful functions for querying data structures:**\n"
	" - `?str` structure, prints out a summary of the whole data structure\n"
	" - `?typeof` tells you the type inside an atomic vector\n"
	" - `?class` what is the data structure?\n"
	" - `?head` print the first `n` elements (rows for two-dimensional objects)\n"
	" - `?tail` print the last `n` elements (rows for two-dimensional objects)\n"
	" - `?rownames`, `?colnames`, `?dimnames` retrieve or modify the row names\n"
	" and column names of an object.\n"
	" - `?names` retrieve or modify the names of an atomic vector or list (or\n"
	" columns of a data.frame).\n"
	" - `?length` get the number of elements in an atomic vector\n"
	" - `?nrow`, `?ncol`, `?dim` get the dimensions of a n-dimensional object\n"
	" (Won't work on atomic vectors or lists)."
	msgstr ""
	" **Useful functions for querying data structures:**\n"
	" - `?str` structure, prints out a summary of the whole data structure\n"
	" - `?typeof` tells you the type inside an atomic vector\n"
	" - `?class` what is the data structure?\n"
	" - `?head` print the first `n` elements (rows for two-dimensional objects)\n"
	" - `?tail` print the last `n` elements (rows for two-dimensional objects)\n"
	" - `?rownames`, `?colnames`, `?dimnames` retrieve or modify the row names\n"
	" and column names of an object.\n"
	" - `?names` retrieve or modify the names of an atomic vector or list (or\n"
	" columns of a data.frame).\n"
	" - `?length` get the number of elements in an atomic vector\n"
	" - `?nrow`, `?ncol`, `?dim` get the dimensions of a n-dimensional object\n"
	" (Won't work on atomic vectors or lists)."
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:128
	msgid "## [Exploring Data Frames]({{ page.root }}/05-data-structures-part2/)"
	msgstr "## [Exploring Data Frames]({{ page.root }}/05-data-structures-part2/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:130
	msgid " - `read.csv` to read in data in a regular structure"
	msgstr " - `read.csv` to read in data in a regular structure"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:131
	msgid " - `sep` argument to specify the separator"
	msgstr " - `sep` argument to specify the separator"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:132
	msgid " - \",\" for comma separated"
	msgstr " - \",\" for comma separated"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:133
	msgid " - \"\\t\" for tab separated"
	msgstr " - \"\\t\" for tab separated"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:134
	msgid " - Other arguments:"
	msgstr " - Other arguments:"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:135
	msgid " - `header=TRUE` if there is a header row"
	msgstr " - `header=TRUE` if there is a header row"
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:137
	msgid "## [Subsetting data]({{ page.root }}/06-data-subsetting/)"
	msgstr "## [Subsetting data]({{ page.root }}/06-data-subsetting/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:139
	msgid " - Elements can be accessed by:"
	msgstr " - Elements can be accessed by:"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:140
	msgid " - Index"
	msgstr " - Index"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:141
	msgid " - Name"
	msgstr " - Name"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:142
	msgid " - Logical vectors"
	msgstr " - Logical vectors"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:144
	msgid "- `[` single square brackets:"
	msgstr "- `[` single square brackets:"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:145
	msgid " - *extract* single elements or *subset* vectors"
	msgstr " - *extract* single elements or *subset* vectors"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:146
	msgid " - e.g.`x[1]` extracts the first item from vector x."
	msgstr " - e.g.`x[1]` extracts the first item from vector x."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:147
	msgid " - *extract* single elements of a list. The returned value will be another `list()`."
	msgstr " - *extract* single elements of a list. The returned value will be another `list()`."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:148
	msgid " - *extract* columns from a data.frame"
	msgstr " - *extract* columns from a data.frame"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:149
	msgid " - `[` with two arguments to:"
	msgstr " - `[` with two arguments to:"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:150
	msgid " - *extract* rows and/or columns of"
	msgstr " - *extract* rows and/or columns of"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:151
	msgid " - matrices"
	msgstr " - matrices"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:152
	msgid " - data.frames"
	msgstr " - data.frames"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:153
	msgid " - e.g. `x[1,2]` will extract the value in row 1, column 2."
	msgstr " - e.g. `x[1,2]` will extract the value in row 1, column 2."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:154
	msgid " - e.g. `x[2,:]` will extract the entire second column of values."
	msgstr " - e.g. `x[2,:]` will extract the entire second column of values."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:156
	msgid " - `[[` double square brackets to extract items from lists."
	msgstr " - `[[` double square brackets to extract items from lists."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:157
	msgid " - `$` to access columns or list elements by name"
	msgstr " - `$` to access columns or list elements by name"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:158
	msgid " - negative indices skip elements"
	msgstr " - negative indices skip elements"
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:160
	msgid "## [Control flow]({{ page.root }}/07-control-flow/)"
	msgstr "## [Control flow]({{ page.root }}/07-control-flow/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:162
	msgid " - Use `if` condition to start a conditional statement, `else if` condition to provide"
	msgstr " - Use `if` condition to start a conditional statement, `else if` condition to provide"
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:163
	msgid ""
	" additional tests, and `else` to provide a default\n"
	" - The bodies of the branches of conditional statements must be indented.\n"
	" - Use `==` to test for equality.\n"
	" - `X && Y` is only true if both X and Y are `TRUE`.\n"
	" - `X || Y` is true if either X or Y, or both, are `TRUE`.\n"
	" - Zero is considered `FALSE`; all other numbers are considered `TRUE`\n"
	" - Nest loops to operate on multi-dimensional data."
	msgstr ""
	" additional tests, and `else` to provide a default\n"
	" - The bodies of the branches of conditional statements must be indented.\n"
	" - Use `==` to test for equality.\n"
	" - `X && Y` is only true if both X and Y are `TRUE`.\n"
	" - `X || Y` is true if either X or Y, or both, are `TRUE`.\n"
	" - Zero is considered `FALSE`; all other numbers are considered `TRUE`\n"
	" - Nest loops to operate on multi-dimensional data."
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:171
	msgid "## [Creating publication quality graphics]({{ page.root }}/08-plot-ggplot2/)"
	msgstr "## [Creating publication quality graphics]({{ page.root }}/08-plot-ggplot2/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:173
	msgid " - figures can be created with the grammar of graphics:"
	msgstr " - figures can be created with the grammar of graphics:"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:174
	msgid " - `library(ggplot2)`"
	msgstr " - `library(ggplot2)`"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:175
	msgid " - `ggplot` to create the base figure"
	msgstr " - `ggplot` to create the base figure"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:176
	msgid " - `aes`thetics specify the data axes, shape, color, and data size"
	msgstr " - `aes`thetics specify the data axes, shape, color, and data size"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:177
	msgid " - `geom`etry functions specify the type of plot, e.g. `point`, `line`, `density`, `box`"
	msgstr " - `geom`etry functions specify the type of plot, e.g. `point`, `line`, `density`, `box`"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:178
	msgid " - `geom`etry functions also add statistical transforms, e.g. `geom_smooth`"
	msgstr " - `geom`etry functions also add statistical transforms, e.g. `geom_smooth`"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:179
	msgid " - `scale` functions change the mapping from data to aesthetics"
	msgstr " - `scale` functions change the mapping from data to aesthetics"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:180
	msgid " - `facet` functions stratify the figure into panels"
	msgstr " - `facet` functions stratify the figure into panels"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:181
	msgid " - `aes`thetics apply to individual layers, or can be set for the whole plot"
	msgstr " - `aes`thetics apply to individual layers, or can be set for the whole plot"
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:182
	msgid ""
	" inside `ggplot`.\n"
	" - `theme` functions change the overall look of the plot\n"
	" - order of layers matters!\n"
	" - `ggsave` to save a figure."
	msgstr ""
	" inside `ggplot`.\n"
	" - `theme` functions change the overall look of the plot\n"
	" - order of layers matters!\n"
	" - `ggsave` to save a figure."
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:187
	msgid "## [Vectorization]({{ page.root }}/09-vectorization/)"
	msgstr "## [ベクトル化]({{ page.root }}/09-vectorization/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:189
	msgid "- Most functions and operations apply to each element of a vector"
	msgstr "- ほとんどの関数や演算はベクトルの要素ごとに実行されます。"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:190
	msgid "- `*` applies element-wise to matrices"
	msgstr "- `*` は行列に対して要素ごとに実行されます。"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:191
	msgid "- `%*%` for true matrix multiplication"
	msgstr "- 本来の行列の積を求めるには `%*%` を使います。"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:192
	msgid "- `any()` will return `TRUE` if any element of a vector is `TRUE`"
	msgstr "- `any()` はベクトルの要素の中に一つでも `TRUE` があれば `TRUE` を返します。"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:193
	msgid "- `all()` will return `TRUE` if *all* elements of a vector are `TRUE`"
	msgstr "- `all()` はベクトルの要素が*全て* `TRUE` であれば `TRUE` を返します。"
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:195
	msgid "## [Functions explained]({{ page.root }}/10-functions/)"
	msgstr "## [関数について]({{ page.root }}/10-functions/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:197
	msgid " - `?\"function\"`"
	msgstr " - `?\"function\"`"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:198
	msgid " - Put code whose parameters change frequently in a function, then call it with"
	msgstr " - 何度もパラメータを変えながら実行するコードを関数にし、"
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:199
	msgid ""
	" different parameter values to customize its behavior.\n"
	" - The last line of a function is returned, or you can use `return` explicitly\n"
	" - Any code written in the body of the function will preferably look for variables defined inside the function.\n"
	" - Document Why, then What, then lastly How (if the code isn't self explanatory)"
	msgstr ""
	" 作った関数をパラメータの値を変えることで挙動を変更しながら呼び出しましょう。\n"
	" - 関数の最終行か、明示的に `return` を用いた部分が返り値になります。\n"
	" - 関数の本文中に記述したコードはいずれも、関数内で定義された変数から探し始めます。\n"
	" - コードの内容が自明ではない時は、ドキュメントに「なぜ」、次に「何」、そして最後に「どう」を記述しましょう。"
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:204
	msgid "## [Writing data]({{ page.root }}/11-writing-data/)"
	msgstr "## [データの出力]({{ page.root }}/11-writing-data/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:206
	msgid " - `write.table` to write out objects in regular format"
	msgstr " - `write.table` を使ってオブジェクトを一般的な形式に出力しましょう。"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:207
	msgid " - set `quote=FALSE` so that text isn't wrapped in `\"` marks"
	msgstr " - `quote=FALSE` を指定して文字列が引用符に囲われないようにしましょう。"
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:209
	msgid "## [Split-apply-combine]({{ page.root }}/12-plyr/)"
	msgstr "## [Split-apply-combine]({{ page.root }}/12-plyr/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:211
	msgid " - Use the `xxply` family of functions to apply functions to groups within"
	msgstr " - Use the `xxply` family of functions to apply functions to groups within"
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:212
	msgid ""
	" some data.\n"
	" - the first letter, `a`rray , `d`ata.frame or `l`ist corresponds to the input data\n"
	" - the second letter denotes the output data structure\n"
	" - Anonymous functions (those not assigned a name) are used inside the `plyr` family\n"
	" of functions on groups within data."
	msgstr ""
	" some data.\n"
	" - the first letter, `a`rray , `d`ata.frame or `l`ist corresponds to the input data\n"
	" - the second letter denotes the output data structure\n"
	" - Anonymous functions (those not assigned a name) are used inside the `plyr` family\n"
	" of functions on groups within data."
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:218
	msgid "## [Dataframe manipulation with dplyr]({{ page.root }}/13-dplyr/)"
	msgstr "## [Dataframe manipulation with dplyr]({{ page.root }}/13-dplyr/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:219
	msgid " - `library(dplyr)`"
	msgstr " - `library(dplyr)`"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:220
	msgid " - `?select` to extract variables by name."
	msgstr " - `?select` to extract variables by name."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:221
	msgid " - `?filter` return rows with matching conditions."
	msgstr " - `?filter` return rows with matching conditions."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:222
	msgid " - `?group_by` group data by one of more variables."
	msgstr " - `?group_by` group data by one of more variables."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:223
	msgid " - `?summarize` summarize multiple values to a single value."
	msgstr " - `?summarize` summarize multiple values to a single value."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:224
	msgid " - `?mutate` add new variables to a data.frame."
	msgstr " - `?mutate` add new variables to a data.frame."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:225
	msgid " - Combine operations using the `?\"%>%\"` pipe operator."
	msgstr " - Combine operations using the `?\"%>%\"` pipe operator."
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:227
	msgid "## [Dataframe manipulation with tidyr]({{ page.root }}/14-tidyr/)"
	msgstr "## [Dataframe manipulation with tidyr]({{ page.root }}/14-tidyr/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:228
	msgid "- `library(tidyr)`"
	msgstr "- `library(tidyr)`"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:229
	msgid "- '?gather' convert data from *wide* to *long* format."
	msgstr "- '?gather' convert data from *wide* to *long* format."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:230
	msgid "- '?spread' convert data from *long* to *wide* format."
	msgstr "- '?spread' convert data from *long* to *wide* format."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:231
	msgid "- '?separate' split a single value into multiple values."
	msgstr "- '?separate' split a single value into multiple values."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:232
	msgid "- '?unite' merge multiple values into a single value."
	msgstr "- '?unite' merge multiple values into a single value."
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:234
	msgid "## [Producing reports with knitr]({{ page.root }}/15-knitr-markdown/)"
	msgstr "## [Producing reports with knitr]({{ page.root }}/15-knitr-markdown/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:235
	msgid "- Value of reproducible reports"
	msgstr "- Value of reproducible reports"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:236
	msgid "- Basics of Markdown"
	msgstr "- Basics of Markdown"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:237
	msgid "- R code chunks"
	msgstr "- R code chunks"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:238
	msgid "- Chunk options"
	msgstr "- Chunk options"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:239
	msgid "- Inline R code"
	msgstr "- Inline R code"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:240
	msgid "- Other output formats"
	msgstr "- Other output formats"
	# header
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:242
	msgid "## [Best practices for writing good code]({{ page.root }}/16-wrap-up/)"
	msgstr "## [Best practices for writing good code]({{ page.root }}/16-wrap-up/)"
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:244
	msgid " * Program defensively, i.e., assume that errors are going to arise, and write code to detect them when they do."
	msgstr " * Program defensively, i.e., assume that errors are going to arise, and write code to detect them when they do."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:245
	msgid " * Write tests before writing code in order to help determine exactly what that code is supposed to do."
	msgstr " * Write tests before writing code in order to help determine exactly what that code is supposed to do."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:246
	msgid " * Know what code is supposed to do before trying to debug it."
	msgstr " * Know what code is supposed to do before trying to debug it."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:247
	msgid " * Make it fail every time."
	msgstr " * Make it fail every time."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:248
	msgid " * Make it fail fast."
	msgstr " * Make it fail fast."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:249
	msgid " * Change one thing at a time, and for a reason."
	msgstr " * Change one thing at a time, and for a reason."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:250
	msgid " * Keep track of what you've done."
	msgstr " * Keep track of what you've done."
	# unordered list
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:251
	msgid " * Be humble"
	msgstr " * Be humble"
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:255
	msgid ""
	"{:auto_ids}\n"
	"argument\n"
	": A value given to a function or program when it runs.\n"
	" The term is often used interchangeably (and inconsistently) with [parameter](#parameter)."
	msgstr ""
	"{:auto_ids}\n"
	"argument\n"
	": A value given to a function or program when it runs.\n"
	" The term is often used interchangeably (and inconsistently) with [parameter](#parameter)."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:260
	msgid ""
	"assign\n"
	": To give a value a name by associating a variable with it."
	msgstr ""
	"assign\n"
	": To give a value a name by associating a variable with it."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:263
	msgid ""
	"body\n"
	": (of a function): the statements that are executed when a function runs."
	msgstr ""
	"body\n"
	": (of a function): the statements that are executed when a function runs."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:266
	msgid ""
	"comment\n"
	": A remark in a program that is intended to help human readers understand what is going on,\n"
	" but is ignored by the computer.\n"
	" Comments in Python, R, and the Unix shell start with a `#` character and run to the end of the line;\n"
	" comments in SQL start with `--`,\n"
	" and other languages have other conventions."
	msgstr ""
	"comment\n"
	": A remark in a program that is intended to help human readers understand what is going on,\n"
	" but is ignored by the computer.\n"
	" Comments in Python, R, and the Unix shell start with a `#` character and run to the end of the line;\n"
	" comments in SQL start with `--`,\n"
	" and other languages have other conventions."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:273
	msgid ""
	"comma-separated values\n"
	": (CSV) A common textual representation for tables\n"
	" in which the values in each row are separated by commas."
	msgstr ""
	"comma-separated values\n"
	": (CSV) A common textual representation for tables\n"
	" in which the values in each row are separated by commas."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:277
	msgid ""
	"delimiter\n"
	": A character or characters used to separate individual values,\n"
	" such as the commas between columns in a [CSV](#comma-separated-values) file."
	msgstr ""
	"delimiter\n"
	": A character or characters used to separate individual values,\n"
	" such as the commas between columns in a [CSV](#comma-separated-values) file."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:281
	msgid ""
	"documentation\n"
	": Human-language text written to explain what software does,\n"
	" how it works, or how to use it."
	msgstr ""
	"documentation\n"
	": Human-language text written to explain what software does,\n"
	" how it works, or how to use it."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:285
	msgid ""
	"floating-point number\n"
	": A number containing a fractional part and an exponent.\n"
	" See also: [integer](#integer)."
	msgstr ""
	"floating-point number\n"
	": A number containing a fractional part and an exponent.\n"
	" See also: [integer](#integer)."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:289
	msgid ""
	"for loop\n"
	": A loop that is executed once for each value in some kind of set, list, or range.\n"
	" See also: [while loop](#while-loop)."
	msgstr ""
	"for loop\n"
	": A loop that is executed once for each value in some kind of set, list, or range.\n"
	" See also: [while loop](#while-loop)."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:293
	msgid ""
	"index\n"
	": A subscript that specifies the location of a single value in a collection,\n"
	" such as a single pixel in an image."
	msgstr ""
	"index\n"
	": A subscript that specifies the location of a single value in a collection,\n"
	" such as a single pixel in an image."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:297
	msgid ""
	"integer\n"
	": A whole number, such as -12343. See also: [floating-point number](#floating-point-number)."
	msgstr ""
	"integer\n"
	": A whole number, such as -12343. See also: [floating-point number](#floating-point-number)."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:300
	msgid ""
	"library\n"
	": In R, the directory(ies) where [packages](#package) are stored."
	msgstr ""
	"library\n"
	": In R, the directory(ies) where [packages](#package) are stored."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:303
	msgid ""
	"package\n"
	": A collection of R functions, data and compiled code in a well-defined format. Packages are stored in a [library](#library) and loaded using the library() function."
	msgstr ""
	"package\n"
	": A collection of R functions, data and compiled code in a well-defined format. Packages are stored in a [library](#library) and loaded using the library() function."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:306
	msgid ""
	"parameter\n"
	": A variable named in the function's declaration that is used to hold a value passed into the call.\n"
	" The term is often used interchangeably (and inconsistently) with [argument](#argument)."
	msgstr ""
	"parameter\n"
	": A variable named in the function's declaration that is used to hold a value passed into the call.\n"
	" The term is often used interchangeably (and inconsistently) with [argument](#argument)."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:310
	msgid ""
	"return statement\n"
	": A statement that causes a function to stop executing and return a value to its caller immediately."
	msgstr ""
	"return statement\n"
	": A statement that causes a function to stop executing and return a value to its caller immediately."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:313
	msgid ""
	"sequence\n"
	": A collection of information that is presented in a specific order."
	msgstr ""
	"sequence\n"
	": A collection of information that is presented in a specific order."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:316
	msgid ""
	"shape\n"
	": An array's dimensions, represented as a vector.\n"
	" For example, a 5×3 array's shape is `(5,3)`."
	msgstr ""
	"shape\n"
	": An array's dimensions, represented as a vector.\n"
	" For example, a 5×3 array's shape is `(5,3)`."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:320
	msgid ""
	"string\n"
	": Short for \"character string\",\n"
	" a [sequence](#sequence) of zero or more characters."
	msgstr ""
	"string\n"
	": Short for \"character string\",\n"
	" a [sequence](#sequence) of zero or more characters."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:324
	msgid ""
	"syntax error\n"
	": A programming error that occurs when statements are in an order or contain characters\n"
	" not expected by the programming language."
	msgstr ""
	"syntax error\n"
	": A programming error that occurs when statements are in an order or contain characters\n"
	" not expected by the programming language."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:328
	msgid ""
	"type\n"
	": The classification of something in a program (for example, the contents of a variable)\n"
	" as a kind of number (e.g. [floating-point](#float), [integer](#integer)), [string](#string),\n"
	" or something else. In R the command typeof() is used to query a variables type."
	msgstr ""
	"type\n"
	": The classification of something in a program (for example, the contents of a variable)\n"
	" as a kind of number (e.g. [floating-point](#float), [integer](#integer)), [string](#string),\n"
	" or something else. In R the command typeof() is used to query a variables type."
	#: r-novice-gapminder/reference.md:333
	msgid ""
	"while loop\n"
	": A loop that keeps executing as long as some condition is true.\n"
	" See also: [for loop](#for-loop)."
	msgstr ""
	"while loop\n"
	": A loop that keeps executing as long as some condition is true.\n"
	" See also: [for loop](#for-loop)."