Yet Another EfficientDet Pytorch

The pytorch re-implement of the official EfficientDet with SOTA performance in real time, original paper link: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09070

Performance

Pretrained weights and benchmark

The performance is very close to the paper's, it is still SOTA.

The speed/FPS test includes the time of post-processing with no jit/data precision trick.

coefficient	pth_download	onnx_download	GPU Mem(MB)	FPS	mAP 0.5:0.95(this repo)	mAP 0.5:0.95(paper)
D0	efficientdet-d0.pth	pending	1049	36.20	32.6	33.8
D1	efficientdet-d1.pth	pending	1159	29.69	38.2	39.6
D2	efficientdet-d2.pth	pending	1321	26.50	41.5	43.0
D3	efficientdet-d3.pth	pending	1647	22.73	44.9	45.8
D4	efficientdet-d4.pth	pending	1903	14.75	48.1	49.4
D5	efficientdet-d5.pth	pending	2255	7.11	49.5	50.7
D6	efficientdet-d6.pth	pending	2985	5.30	50.1	51.7
D7	efficientdet-d7.pth	pending	3819	3.73	50.7	52.2

Speed Test

This pure-pytorch implement is 26 times faster than the official Tensorflow version without any trick.

coefficient	Time	FPS	Ratio
Official D0 (tf postprocess)	0.713s	1.40	1X
Official D0 (numpy postprocess)	0.477s	2.09	1.49X
Yet-Another-EfficientDet-D0	0.028s	36.20	25.86X

Test method:

Run this test on 2080Ti, Ubuntu 19.10 x64.

1. Prepare two image tensor with the same content, size (1,3,512,512)-pytorch, (1,512,512,3)-tensorflow.
2. Initiate everything by inferring once.
3. Run 10 times with batchsize 1 and calculate the average time, including post-processing and visualization, to make the test more practical.

---

Update log

[2020-04-10] warp the loss function within the training model, so that the memory usage will be balanced when training with multiple gpus, enabling training with bigger batchsize.

[2020-04-10] add D7 (D6 with larger input size and larger anchor scale) support and test its mAP

[2020-04-09] allow custom anchor scales and ratios

[2020-04-08] add D6 support and test its mAP

[2020-04-08] add training script and its doc; update eval script and simple inference script.

[2020-04-07] tested D0-D5 mAP, result seems nice, details can be found here

[2020-04-07] fix anchors strategies.

[2020-04-06] adapt anchor strategies.

[2020-04-05] create this repository.

Demo

# install requirements
pip install pycocotools numpy opencv-python tqdm tensorboard tensorboardX pyyaml
pip install torch==1.4.0
pip install torchvision==0.5.0
 
# run the simple inference script
python efficientdet_test.py

Training

1. Prepare your dataset

# your dataset structure should be like this
datasets/
    -your_project_name/
        -train_set_name/
            -*.jpg
        -val_set_name/
            -*.jpg
        -annotations
            -instances_{train_set_name}.json
            -instances_{val_set_name}.json

# for example, coco2017
datasets/
    -coco2017/
        -train2017/
            -000000000001.jpg
            -000000000002.jpg
            -000000000003.jpg
        -val2017/
            -000000000004.jpg
            -000000000005.jpg
            -000000000006.jpg
        -annotations
            -instances_train2017.json
            -instances_val2017.json

2. Manual set project's specific parameters

# create a yml file {your_project_name}.yml under 'projects'folder 
# modify it following 'coco.yml'
 
# for example
project_name: coco
train_set: train2017
val_set: val2017
num_gpus: 4  # 0 means using cpu, 1-N means using gpus 

# mean and std in RGB order, actually this part should remain unchanged as long as your dataset is similar to coco.
mean: [0.485, 0.456, 0.406]
std: [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]

# this is coco anchors, change it if necessary
anchors_scales: '[2 ** 0, 2 ** (1.0 / 3.0), 2 ** (2.0 / 3.0)]'
anchors_ratios: '[(1.0, 1.0), (1.4, 0.7), (0.7, 1.4)]'

# objects from all labels from your dataset with the order from your annotations.
# its index must match your dataset's category_id.
# category_id is one_indexed,
# for example, index of 'car' here is 2, while category_id of is 3
obj_list: ['person', 'bicycle', 'car', ...]

3.a. Train on coco from scratch

# train efficientdet-d0 on coco from scratch 
# with batchsize 12
# This takes time and requires change 
# of hyperparameters every few hours.
# If you have months to kill, do it. 
# It's not like someone going to achieve
# better score than the one in the paper.
# The first few epoches will be rather unstable,
# it's quite normal when you train from scratch.

python train.py -c 0 --batchsize 12

3.b. Train a custom dataset from scratch

# train efficientdet-d1 on a custom dataset 
# with batchsize 8 and learning rate 1e-5

python train.py -c 1 --batchsize 8 --lr 1e-5

3.c. Train a custom dataset with pretrained weights (Highly Recommended)

# train efficientdet-d2 on a custom dataset with pretrained weights
# with batchsize 8 and learning rate 1e-5 for 10 epoches

python train.py -c 2 --batchsize 8 --lr 1e-5 --num_epochs 10 \
 --load_weights /path/to/your/weights/efficientdet-d2.pth

# with a coco-pretrained, you can even freeze the backbone and train heads only
# to speed up training and help convergence.

python train.py -c 2 --batchsize 8 --lr 1e-5 --num_epochs 10 \
 --load_weights /path/to/your/weights/efficientdet-d2.pth \
 --head_only True

4. Early stopping a training session

# while training, press Ctrl+c, the program will catch KeyboardInterrupt
# and stop training, save current checkpoint.

5. Resume training

# let says you started a training session like this.

python train.py -c 2 --batchsize 8 --lr 1e-5 \
 --load_weights /path/to/your/weights/efficientdet-d2.pth \
 --head_only True
 
# then you stopped it with a Ctrl+c, it exited with a checkpoint

# now you want to resume training from the last checkpoint
# simply set load_weights to 'last'

python train.py -c 2 --batchsize 8 --lr 1e-5 \
 --load_weights last \
 --head_only True

6. Evaluate model performance

# eval on your_project, efficientdet-d5

python coco_eval.py -p your_project_name -c 5 \
 -w /path/to/your/weights

7. Debug training (optional)

# when you get bad result, you need to debug the training result.
python train.py -c 2 --batchsize 8 --lr 1e-5 --debug True

# then checkout test/ folder, there you can visualize the predicted boxes during training
# don't panic if you see countless of error boxes, it happens when the training is at early stage.
# But if you still can't see a normal box after several epoches, not even one in all image,
# then it's possible that either the anchors config is inappropriate or the ground truth is corrupted.

TODO

• re-implement efficientdet
• adapt anchor strategies
• mAP tests
• training-scripts
• tensorflow's consistency tuning with pytorch.
• efficientdet D6 supports
• efficientdet D7 supports
• onnx support
• tensorRT/TVM support
• re-implement tensorflow's weird bilinear interpolation algorithm in python, then cython.

FAQ:

Q1. Why implement this while there are several efficientdet pytorch projects already.

A1: Because AFAIK none of them fully recovers the true algorithm of the official efficientdet, that's why their communities could not achieve or having a hard time to achieve the same score as the official efficientdet by training from scratch.

Q2: What exactly is the difference among this repository and the others?

A2: For example, these two are the most popular efficientdet-pytorch,

https://github.com/toandaominh1997/EfficientDet.Pytorch

https://github.com/signatrix/efficientdet

Here is the issues and why these are difficult to achieve the same score as the official one:

The first one:

1. Altered EfficientNet the wrong way, strides have been changed to adapt the BiFPN, but we should be aware that efficientnet's great performance comes from it's specific parameters combinations. Any slight alteration could lead to worse performance.

The second one:

1. Pytorch's BatchNormalization is slightly different from TensorFlow, momentum_pytorch = 1 - momentum_tensorflow. Well I didn't realize this trap if I paid less attentions. signatrix/efficientdet succeeded the parameter from TensorFlow, so the BN will perform badly because running mean and the running variance is being dominated by the new input.

2. Mis-implement of Depthwise-Separable Conv2D. Depthwise-Separable Conv2D is Depthwise-Conv2D and Pointwise-Conv2D and BiasAdd ,there is only a BiasAdd after two Conv2D, while signatrix/efficientdet has a extra BiasAdd on Depthwise-Conv2D.

3. Misunderstand the first parameter of MaxPooling2D, the first parameter is kernel_size, instead of stride.

4. Missing BN after downchannel of the feature of the efficientnet output.

5. Using the wrong output feature of the efficientnet. This is big one. It takes whatever output that has the conv.stride of 2, but it's wrong. It should be the one whose next conv.stride is 2 or the final output of efficientnet.

6. Does not apply same padding on Conv2D and Pooling.

7. Missing swish activation after several operations.

8. Missing Conv/BN operations in BiFPN, Regressor and Classifier. This one is very tricky, if you don't dig deeper into the official implement, there are some same operations with different weights.

    illustration of a minimal bifpn unit
        P7_0 -------------------------> P7_2 -------->
           |-------------|                ↑
                         ↓                |
        P6_0 ---------> P6_1 ---------> P6_2 -------->
           |-------------|--------------↑ ↑
                         ↓                |
        P5_0 ---------> P5_1 ---------> P5_2 -------->
           |-------------|--------------↑ ↑
                         ↓                |
        P4_0 ---------> P4_1 ---------> P4_2 -------->
           |-------------|--------------↑ ↑
                         |--------------↓ |
        P3_0 -------------------------> P3_2 -------->
   

   For example, P4 will downchannel to P4_0, then it goes P4_1, anyone may takes it for granted that P4_0 goes to P4_2 directly, right?

   That's why they are wrong, P4 should downchannel again with a different weights to P4_0_another, then it goes to P4_2.

And finally some common issues, their anchor decoder and encoder are different from the original one, but it's not the main reason that it performs badly.

Also, Conv2dStaticSamePadding from EfficientNet-PyTorch does not perform like TensorFlow, the padding strategy is different. So I implement a real tensorflow-style Conv2dStaticSamePadding and MaxPool2dStaticSamePadding myself.

Despite of the above issues, they are great repositories that enlighten me, hence there is this repository.

This repository is mainly based on efficientdet, with the changing that makes sure that it performs as closer as possible as the paper.

Btw, debugging static-graph TensorFlow v1 is really painful. Don't try to export it with automation tools like tf-onnx or mmdnn, they will only cause more problems because of its custom/complex operations.

And even if you succeeded, like I did, you will have to deal with the crazy messed up machine-generated code under the same class that takes more time to refactor than translating it from scratch.

Q3: What should I do when I find a bug?

A3: Check out the update log if it's been fixed, then pull the latest code to try again. If it doesn't help, create a new issue and describe it in detail.

Known issues

1. Official EfficientDet use TensorFlow bilinear interpolation to resize image inputs, while it is different from many other methods (opencv/pytorch), so the output is definitely slightly different from the official one. But when I copy the input that generated by TensorFlow bilinear interpolation, the result is still slightly different. I will test mAP later, if this cause performance loss, either finetune the model, or figure out the divergence and fix it. But the benchmark uphere is tested when images are interpolated by opencv's bilinear algorithm, and the result seems nice.

2. D6/D7 BiFPN use unweighted sum for training stability, I'm working a fix to adapt to D6/D7.

Visual Comparison

Conclusion: They are providing almost the same precision.

This Repo

Official EfficientDet

References

Appreciate the great work from the following repositories:

• google/automl
• lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch
• signatrix/efficientdet
• vacancy/Synchronized-BatchNorm-PyTorch

Donation

If you like this repository, or if you'd like to support the author for any reason, you can donate to the author. Feel free to send me your name or introducing pages, I will make sure your name(s) on the sponsors list.